Give 5 examples of invalid Syllogism and Justify its invalidity.

1:   All Snakes are reptiles   

      Therefore, some reptiles are crocodiles

If an argument has less than three terms (i.e. two terms), we cannot call it a syllogism, rather it is a case of immediate inference. It violates rule number one.

2.  All dogs are a quadruped.

     All cats are a quadruped.

     So, all cats are dogs.

In both the premises, the middle term is undistributed (since A proposition doesn't distribute its predicate). No conclusion is possible as the middle term is not properly connected with the extremes. When this rule is violated we commit the fallacy of undistributed middle.  It violates rule number three.

3. All men are rational.

    All men are a biped.

    Therefore, all bipeds are rational.

Here the minor term 'biped' (subject term of conclusion) is distributed which is not distributed in the minor premise (being the predicate of A proposition). So the fallacy committed in this argument is illicit minor. It violates rule number four.

4. No artists are rich persons.

    Some rich persons are not theists.

    Therefore, some theists are not artists.

Since both the premises are negative, the conclusion (some theists are not artists) is not valid and we commit the fallacy of two negative premises or fallacy of exclusive premises. It violates rule number five.

5. No poets are scientists.

    Some philosophers are poets.

   Therefore, some philosophers are not scientists.

This conclusion (negative one) is a valid conclusion. But if we draw any affirmative conclusion (such as "Some philosophers are scientists") from the above premises, it would be a fallacious conclusion. Here, we would have committed the fallacy of drawing an affirmative conclusion from a negative premise. Similarly, we can prove that if the conclusion is negative, one of the premises must be negative It violates rule number six.

Give 5 examples of valid Syllogism.

Major premise:  If Sheena is commuting through bus every day, she is placing

                              herself at risk for communicable diseases.

Minor premise:  Sheena does not commute through bus every day

Conclusion:       Therefore Sheena is not placing herself at risk for

                            communicable diseases.

Major premise:   Either my lesson is at school or at home.

Minor premise:   The lesson is not at home.

Conclusion:      Therefore the lesson is at school.

Major premise:   Rabbits make good pets.

Minor premise:   Birds and rabbits are both good pets.

Conclusion:         Therefore birds make good pets.

Major premise:   All brown taste good.

Minor premise:   Sugar is brown.

Conclusion:         Therefore sugar tastes good.

Major premise:  two men together can work 10 times as quickly as one man alone.

Minor premise:  One man alone can dig a hole in one minute.

Conclusion:         Therefore, two men can dig a hole in one second.

10 Rules for a valid categorical syllogism

10 Rules for a valid categorical syllogism

The 10 rules for a valid categorical syllogism are the following:

Rule 1. There should only be three terms in a categorical syllogism. They are the Major Term, the Minor Term, and the Middle Term.

Rule 2. A categorical syllogism is composed of only three categorical propositions. Each term must occur in two propositions in the syllogism.

Rule 3. The terms in the conclusion may only be universal if they are universal on the premises.

Rule 4. The middle term must occur as universal at least once.

Rule 5. If both the premises are positive, the conclusion is positive.

Rule 6. If one of the premises is negative, the conclusion is negative.

Rule 7. One of the premises must be positive, otherwise, the syllogism is invalid.

Rule 8. One of the premises must be universal.

Rule 9. If one of the premises is particular, the conclusion in particular.

Rule 10. Nothing may be asserted in the conclusion which has not been asserted in the premises.

References: 

Maboloc, Christopher Ryan, and Pascua, Edgar. 2008. Elements of Logic. Rex Bookstore: Manila, Philippines

http://jamilmatalam.blogspot.com/2010/02/10-rules-for-valid-categorical.html

Individual/Dual Sports and Games Learning Experience

‘‘Believe and things will happen even not if it was not in your plan.”

Knowing the fact that for this semester it is my third time to have a physical education or P.E subject, I am still grateful and honored to become one of the sheep for this block and on the list of Mr. Edwin Caballe’s flock. For me to have this subject is an opportunity after I passed and survived from the last two P.E subjects I’d attended this school, I learned a lot and still, I remember those learnings I had encountered even the application, is effective.

Although as I observed we have a small number of students in the class, still considered that the show must go on. For this semester I realized that all of the P.E classes are connected to each other and the reason why I am taking this course it means I was promoted and level-up to a higher place or position. Before the class gets started I ask few students who already taken this subject and I had found out that the class is more on swimming, other says it is a solo or individual sports, yes it is for that is the title of the subject. I told myself I will love this subject because I like working alone or on my own but that is not the essence of the subject, this course is for us student to develop skills and camaraderie. To exert effort and be innovative, it requires teamwork and leadership. Also, I learned that body coordination and exercise is essential for active daily living. 

On the first day of class, the activity is to create a team. Luckily my team members are Ms., Santillan, Ms. Ellarina, and Ms. Albarico. In the last minute of the submission of the name and yell, we decided to name the team as “Team Duck”. Like a mother duck, she would always go to lead his flock where there are good resources. That whatever happens this flock will not easily be destroyed but will stick together as a strong team. From this activity, it somehow develops our mind coordination and processes of brainstorming and it is a good point of view on how we circulate things together.

The next activity is an oral recitation, I am really confident to answer the question because I study and make some pointers that teacher will be going to ask, luckily during the said activity I am able to answer the question relating to this subject as a nurse. The third activity is playing chess and the fourth one is DAMA quite same board game but different in the rules and process of playing. Although I am not really good and familiar with these guidelines still I am able to play and win from my classmates. I am really surprised by the next activity it was titled a creative game it develops my cognitive skills and good reasoning. I named my game as “Recheck” for our instructor asked us to make a title by its original game. The board is originally titled CHECKER, What I did is as opposite rule from the original rules of playing the said game. For me nursing is an art and science, we should be always innovative and creative. We know how to adapt and change things effectively for our patients and that is what I had learned from this unit.

To be responsible and flexible in times of difficulty, that is what a true Paulininian stand. The next 2 activities are very resourceful and particular to health benefits of an activity and exercises. I am really proud that I’ve got a high score for the past seven activities. The next activity is badminton and I really like playing badminton it helped me stay fit and I learned more about this sport. Like how to serve properly, the part of receiving the ‘berdie” and emphasizing different strokes and strategies of how to play this game and to emphasize my emotion it was very awesome. It motivated me to be a badminton player again (that is back when I was in high school).

The next activity is very difficult as I imagine myself playing a table tennis. I never tried to play this kind of sport before. That is why I look for some alternatives on how to play this sport and what are the benefits to our body.  I took seriously on watching the VTR played by our instructor on how to play table tennis. The proper serving and strokes and how to officiate are one of the best experience I had. After an orientation on how to play this sport I turned into an adrenaline junkee, I am really excited how does it works and if I am able to play. Through constant practice and motivation, I surpassed the feelings of uneasiness. Although I’ve got mistaken how to serve and start the game, I am still grateful because, in the end, I am able to play and officiate this kind of sport.

The last activity is swimming, for me, this is the big event for this subject. The most awaited part like two weeks before swimming I buy already my swimming equipment and attire and have talked for a moment releasing negativity. In this activity, you must be honest by telling that you are a non-swimmer and a swimmer it is very risky. In this activity, I learned how to make body balance, coordinated to each other with your buddy. Through step by step process, I can say I learned and there is an improvement. On the second day, I learned that I am now a swimmer. I am able to swim to 6 feet ground and using the techniques in swimming though us non-swimmer we run out of time to perform the strokes.

To go to the great length, this subject is related and important for us nursing students it is how we work as a team and go through risky things. It allows us to be a successful leader and that marks the Paulinian identity. To never underestimate the power of dreams and the potential of the human spirit, the only thing that I could say is thanking you for the opportunity and chance to become a responsible student and a future nurse.

Nursing Activities and Exercise

The exercise involves the active contraction and relaxation of muscles. Exercises can be classified according to the type of muscle contraction isotonic, isometric, or isokinetic) and according to the source of energy (aerobic and anaerobic).  

Isotonic

Isotonic exercises provide a powerful workout for beginners and professional athletes alike. Most people perform the isotonic exercise without realizing the technical term for the movement. In short, an isotonic exercise forces muscles to carry a static weight throughout a range of motion. So basically, any form of weight training, with either free weights or machines, qualifies as isotonic. The common biceps curl, in which you lift a dumbbell to work the upper arm, is a classic isotonic exercise.

Features

All isotonic exercise features resistance. Forcing the muscles to strain against this resistance builds strength and power. Isotonic exercise doesn’t require expensive equipment. If you can’t afford dumbbells and free weights, any static weight, from bricks to sacks of sand could be used to offer the necessary resistance. If all else fails, you can even use your own body weight as resistance, as in pushups and pull-ups.

Types

There are two main types of isotonic exercise: concentric and eccentric. In a concentric isotonic exercise, the muscle shortens in response to the greatest resistance, as when performing a biceps curl. In an eccentric isotonic exercise, the muscle experiences the same level of resistance throughout the entire motion, forcing the muscle to lengthen. Pilates would be an example of eccentric isotonic exercise.

Benefits

Along with building strength, isotonic exercises also offer the ability to specifically customize a workout for a specific athletic goal. Benefits of isotonic exercise

·   Supports quality of life by building a range of motion muscles that help with    

    activities of daily living.

·   Little or no special equipment is required.

·   Strengthens muscles.

·   Improves bone density and reduces a risk of osteoporosis.

·   Boosts cardiovascular health

Considerations

Performing isotonic exercises with light weights at higher repetitions will build lean, strong muscles over the entire range of motion. However, if you’re looking to add muscle mass and power, opt for fewer reps at much higher weights. You tax your muscles beyond their comfort level by lifting heavier weights, causing tiny tears within the muscle fibers. When these tears heal, they actually enlarge the muscle, resulting in more muscle mass.

·      running,

·      squats

·      bench presses

Misconception

Despite similar sounding names, isotonic exercise differs greatly from isometric exercise. Isotonic exercise requires movement, activating the muscles and joints to lift a static weight. In isometric exercise, the muscles flex and strain without movement of any kind. An example of an isometric exercise would be pushing your two hands together to strengthen your arms and chest; the muscles fire even though the targeted body parts never move.

Isometric

Isometric exercise, or static-action resistance training, is a strength training activity in which your muscle length and joint angles do not change. Isometric exercises strengthen and condition muscles, and increase muscle size. Isometrics are often performed in yoga workouts. They are also used in rehabilitation and for sport-specific training. The number of sets, repetitions, and amount of time you hold each exercise should depend on your level of fitness and exercise goals.

Plank

The plank is a full body exercise and is also known as the plank bridge. Lie on your stomach, and place your elbows and forearms underneath yourself, shoulder width apart. Lift your torso off of the ground. Keep your elbows at about a 90-degree angle. Use your toes to lift your legs from the ground, and keep your back flat.

Side Bridge

The side bridge position is also known as the side plank. This is a full body exercise. Lie on your right side. Push up with your right arm to lift your body. Your legs should remain straight with the left leg resting on top of the right. Create a 90-degree angle with your elbow, and hold. Place your left hand on your hip or raise it straight into the air to increase difficulty. Repeat on the other side.

Squat

An isometric squat is also be referred to as a wall sit. This exercise primarily works your legs. Place your back against a wall. Bend your legs as if you were going to sit in an imaginary chair. Your knees should be bent at a 90-degree angle. Keep your thighs parallel to the floor and your calves parallel to the wall.

Isometric Push-ups

Isometric push-ups primarily work your upper body. Position yourself in a push-up position with your body elevated. Lower your body until you are halfway through a normal push-up. Hold in this position to perform an isometric push-up.

Hip Extension

The isometric hip extension is a lower body exercise that primarily works the lower back, gluteus maximus and hamstrings. Stand to face a chair, table, wall, countertop, exercise bar or other objects, with both hands on it for balance. Bend slightly forward while lifting one leg straight back. Anchor your other leg onto the ground as you continue to lift the opposite leg up until it is parallel to the floor. If you cannot lift this far, lift as high as you can and hold. Perform the extensions with both legs.

Hip Abduction

Isometric hip abduction is a lower body exercise and is similar to the hip extension. Stand in front of an object for balance, and hold it with your left hand. Lift your right leg out to the right side, and hold as high as you can. Switch legs to perform the hip abduction on the other side.

Isometric Crunch Exercise

The isometric crunch exercise mainly works the abdominal muscles. Lie on your back. Bring your legs, shoulders, and arms up and in as if you were creating a ball with your body. Do not grab your legs with your hands. Hold this position to complete the exercise. Instead of crunching into a ball, you may also lift and hold your legs while placing your arms straight against your body with your palms flat on the floor.

Superman

The superman exercise works the back, focusing on the lower back muscles. Lie flat on the ground on your stomach. Keep your arms straight and lift both into the air. Keep your legs straight, and lift them as well. For a more difficult variation, flutter kick your legs as if you are swimming. You may also move your arms up and down in a similar fashion. For an easier variation, lift your left leg and right arm while keeping your right leg and left arm on the ground. Instead of lying on your stomach, you may also begin this exercise on all fours. Lift your left leg and right arm, and switch. You can also lift one leg at a time while keeping your arms on the ground.

Benefits of isometric exercise

·   Requires little time – you can benefit in as little as 10 to 30 seconds performed  

    regularly.

·   Has a rehabilitative effect on muscles.

·   Improves joint flexibility.

·   May help lower blood pressure

Look for fun ways to incorporate both isometric and isotonic exercises in your regular exercise routine. You will realize benefits in terms of a range of motion as well as muscle strength. These will add up to health benefits as well as improved quality of life.

Isokinetic

Isokinetic training — also called isovelocity training — requires a special machine that keeps the muscle contracting at a constant pace. Isokinetics combine isometric and isotonic contractions. This kind of training allows for maximal strength improvements and is usually combined with other types of strength training.

Benefits

One of the major benefits of isokinetic exercises is the reduced likelihood of injury. Since the resistance and speed of the exercise are controlled, straining the muscles is highly unlikely. For example, an exercise bike may have safety precautions that limit you from pedaling too fast. Another benefit of isokinetic exercises is close monitoring of muscle activation and strain, allowing for more controlled muscle development and increased muscle flexibility.

Isokinetic Exercises

A safe, simple isokinetic exercise is walking on a treadmill. Walking at a brisk pace several miles per hour will suffice. If you are not a beginner, you can hold on to dumbbells and increase your speed to a slow jog. You can also perform a basic squat. Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and your hands behind your head. Squat down slowly for five seconds. Hold for two seconds at the bottom, then take five seconds to return to standing and also you can do it with a kick. Do 10 to 15 repetitions.

Future of Isokinetic Exercise

Isokinetic exercise is most commonly used in physical therapy. But its ability to control stress on muscles and optimize progress means this form of exercise shows great potential to reach the general public, specifically for purposes of injury treatment and prevention. It may be adapted for higher levels of training by adding more resistance

Aerobic Exercise

Aerobic exercises are also called cardiovascular exercise, the kind that gets your heart pumping and your breath coming short. Examples of aerobic exercise include running, swimming, cross-country skiing and many group fitness classes. According to fitness resource website Nutristrategy.com, aerobic exercises burn calories more effective than anaerobic exercises and are your best choice if exercising to lose weight.

Aerobic Fitness Benefits

Regular aerobic exercise, even a brisk daily walk, can significantly reduce your likeliness of contracting heart disease and other circulatory illnesses. The weight-loss that often accompanies aerobic fitness also puts you at lower risk for type 2 diabetes and some forms of cancer.

Anaerobic Exercise

Anaerobic workouts are also called "resistance training." These workouts push your muscles to work against above-average resistance to strengthen the muscles. Weight lifting, calisthenics, and yoga are examples of resistance workouts. Because anaerobic workouts target muscle growth, they are the best choice if your fitness goals center on strength or muscle mass.

Anaerobic Fitness Benefits

The benefits of anaerobic exercise are being strong, toned muscles include sports performance and improved self-esteem.

 (cc from other websites)

A Fair to Remember

Fireworks Inspired

Sample Video Teaching Online

Track Events Broadcasting 2017

PauliTV Track Events of St. Paul University Surigao in line with the celebration of Intramurals 2017.

Opening of St. Paul University Surigao Intramurals 2017

Hildegard Peplau Nursing Theorist

  

INTERACTIVE THEORIES

Interaction with our client is very important especially in aspects of the nursing profession. The nurse patient-relationship, also called therapeutic relationship, is the professional interaction of the nurses to client directed preferment of wellness and health of the bottommost. The most imperative portion of the nursing care relinquished to the health consumers.

A nurse theorist introduced the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship that marked a change in the nursing profession. Hildegard Peplau highlighted to the vital manifestation of social interaction between the nurse and the patient was regarded little and lacking in replication the health needs of the client. However because of the holistic approach, new nursing leaders seek to give value on the positive results of an effective nurse-patient relationship.

       Hildegard Peplau

   Interpersonal Relationship Theory

“The kind of person that the nurse becomes makes a substantial difference in what each patient will learn as he or she receives nursing care. “

Background

• Respected as the “Psychiatric Nurse of the Century”.
• Born September 1, 1909 at Reading, Pennsylvania
• Graduated from Pottstown, Pennsylvania Hospital School of Nursing in 1931.
• Worked as an operating room supervisor at Pottstown Hospital.
• 1943 received a Bachelor of Arts in Interpersonal Psychology from Bennington College, Columbia, Vermont.
• 1947 received a Master of Arts in Psychiatric Nursing from Teacher’s College, Columbia, New York.
• 1953 received a Doctor of Education in Curriculum Development from Columbia.
• Became a member of the Army Nurse Corps and work in a neuropsychiatric hospital in London, United Kingdom during the World War II.
• 1951-1960 considered as one of the renowned nursing leaders of her time that her writings and research are repeatedly featured at the American Journal of Nursing.
• 1952 published her first book, “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing”.
• Received awards like The Christians Reimann Prize.
• March 7, 1999, Hildegard Peplau died peacefully at her home in Sherman Oaks, California after a brief illness at the age of 89.

Metaparadigm in Nursing

Person

            Person was defined by Peplau as a “man” considered as an organism that lives in an unstable balance of a given system.

Health

            Health was considered by Peplau as a symbol of movement in the personality and other active human processes that direct the person towards creative, constructive, productive and community living. Peplau believes that a man must achieved and maintain the value and perspective for one’s health, it is the factor that he must be met. These needs are called physiological demands and interpersonal conditions.

Environment

            Environment was defined by Peplau as external influences of the organism and in the context of the socially-approved way of living, from which the vital human social processes will derive such norms, customs and beliefs. However, these conditions that lead to health will always include the interpersonal process.

Nursing

            Nursing was described by Peplau as special, therapeutic interpersonal process. This work with the support of human processes that present health as a attainable goal for individuals. In collaboration of the nurses and the health care team, health services offered must be projected in holistic approach in consideration of the socio-economic, spiritual, emotional and physical aspect of every person. The process of interaction with the patient or client in various setting and situation must be always available. Nurses must use the interpersonal model as a way to explore and to identify the needs of the man seeking professional help.

Interpersonal Relations Theory

            Peplau categorized the nurse-patient relationship as a four-phase phenomenon. Nurse-patient interaction is a major component of each phenomenon that exists apart from other things, having its own independent existence. Each phase is unique and has distinguished contributions on the outcome of the nurse-patient interaction.

Psychiatric Nursing or the nursing of the mentally ill introduced by Peplau is very important factor in the practice of this discipline.

Phase of Nurse-Patient Relationship
1. Orientation	The initial interaction between the nurse and the patient wherein the latter has a felt need and expresses the desire for professional assistance. The nurse assists the patient in recognizing and understanding the “patient” experience.
2. Identification	The patient and the nurse explore the experience and the needs of the patient which leads to a feeling of relatedness. It is very important in the relationship that the nurse assist the patient in reorienting his feelings and sustaining a constant positive environment.
3. Exploitation	In this phase, the patient derives the full value of the relationship as he moves on from a dependent role to an independent one. New goals are projected by the nurse, but the power is shifted to the patient as these goals would be achieved through personal or self-effort.
4. Resolution	In its final stages, the patient earns independence over his care as he gradually puts aside old goals and formulates new ones. Even though the patient and the nurse end the relationship, it is very apparent that the experience leaves a lasting impression on the patient since illness and assuming a dependent role is a unique human experience.

 The Interpersonal Therapeutic Process is based on the theory proposed by Peplau and particularly useful in helping psychiatric patients become receptive for therapy. It is often referred by Peplau as “Psychological Mothering,” it includes the following steps:

·        The patient is accepted unconditionally as a participant in a relationship that satisfies his need;

·        There is recognition of and response to the patients readiness for growth, as his initiative; and

·        Power in the relationship shifts to the patient, as the patient is able to delay gratification and to invest in goal achievement.

Interpersonal Roles
Nursing Role	The role of nurse is to undertake such distinctive roles which will empower and equip her in meeting the needs of the patient. It is expected that different nursing situations and phases of Interpersonal Relationship will going to happen.  These roles could overlap one over the other and could be observed as soon as the situation comes up.
Role of the Stranger	The nurse and the patient are strangers to one another. Getting to know the patient better, the nurse must treat him with outmost courtesy, which include acceptance of the patient as a person and due respect over his individually. This role coincides with the Identification Phase.
Role of the Resource Person	Nurse must be supportive and educative as the patient acts dependently. Nurse must provide specific answers to his queries which include health information, advices and a simple explanation of the healthcare team’s course of care it is the responsibility of the nurse to appropriately change her responses to the patient’s level of understanding.
Teaching Role	For the progress of interaction, the nurse take over a teaching role as she gives much importance for self-care and in helping him understand the therapeutic plan. In bearing this role, the nurse must determine how the patient understands the subject at hand. She must develop her discussion around the interest of the patient and his ability of using the information provided.
Leadership Role	The health team over the nurse care, the patient is still considered vital in making choices of care would take. The nurse as a leader must act in behalf of the patient’s best interest and at the same time enable him to make decisions over his own care. This is achieved through cooperation and active participation.
Surrogate Role	The surrogate role is when the patient completely or fully take-over his care to the nurse (temporary care giver) role. It is wherein feelings are reactivated and nurtured. Despite the facts that the patients recognizes  the similarity of the nurse with the person whom he recalls in previous relationship, the nurse must assist the patient to make sure that her surrogate role is differently and only temporary.
Counseling Role	Peplau believes that the counseling role has the greatest important and emphasis in nursing. This role strengthens the nurse-patient relationship as the nurse becomes a listening friend, and understanding family member and someone who gives sound and emphatic advises. The very core of the interpersonal technique is for the patient to remember and to understand the experience and how could it be integrated into his daily life.

Contributions of Nursing Theorists
Hildegard Peplau (Psychodynamic Nursing)	Practice	Education	Research
	Ø  Provides clear design for the practice of psychiatric nursing. Ø  Emphasized the development of interpersonal relationship between the patient and the nurse.	Ø  Author of “Interpersonal Relations in Nursing” which aids nurses. Ø  Formulated effective psycho therapeutic methods.	Ø  Formulated concepts of anxiety as a means to constructively resolve angry feelings through experimental learning the nurse-patient relationship.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             The major focus of Peplau’s theory interpersonal relations, are very easy to comprehend. The theory’s basic assumptions and key concepts were clearly given, explained, broken down and outlined. In turn, she also demonstrated how this model could be used as a process when she introduced the Four Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship. The different roles of the nurse added further understanding on how nurses could effectively use the Interpersonal Model.

    Hildegard Peplau closely observed relationships of the interpersonal process, nurse, patient and psychobiological experiences. She was able to discover patterns that enabled the nurses and the patient to achieve the full measure of their relationship. Peplau’s theory could be described as the meeting of the quality with simplicity.

  

 Peplau believed that all nurses, regardless of their area or clinical setting, could effectively utilize her model. However, the theory can be used only to situations that communication ca occur between the nurse and the patient. The use of the method is limited or impossible in working with senile, comatose or newborn patients. The function of the nurse is to be educative, therapeutic and maturing force, understanding the meaning of the experience to the patient is very important.